Table of Contents
Part I Networking Fundamentals 3
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networking Concepts 5
Perspectives on Networking 5
The Flintstones Network: The First Computer Network? 8
Chapter 2 The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models 17
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 18
Foundation Topics 21
The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 22
The TCP/IP Application Layer 23
The TCP/IP Transport Layer 25
The TCP/IP Internet Layer 27
The TCP/IP Network Access Layer 28
Data Encapsulation Terminology 30
The OSI Reference Model 32
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP 32
OSI Layers and Their Functions 34
OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits 35
OSI Encapsulation Terminology 36
Exam Preparation Tasks 38
Review all the Key Topics 38
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 38
Definitions of Key Terms 38
OSI Reference 39
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of LANs 41
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 41
Foundation Topics 45
An Overview of Modern Ethernet LANs 45
A Brief History of Ethernet 48
The Original Ethernet Standards: 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 48
Repeaters 50
Building 10BASE-T Networks with Hubs 51
Ethernet UTP Cabling 52
UTP Cables and RJ-45 Connectors 52
Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs 54
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX 55
1000BASE-T Cabling 58
Improving Performance by Using Switches Instead of Hubs 58
Increasing Available Bandwidth Using Switches 61
Doubling Performance by Using Full-Duplex Ethernet 62
Ethernet Layer 1 Summary 63
Ethernet Data-Link Protocols 63
Ethernet Addressing 64
Ethernet Framing 65
Identifying the Data Inside an Ethernet Frame 67
Error Detection 68
Exam Preparation Tasks 69
Review All the Key Topics 69
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 69
Definitions of Key Terms 69
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of WANs 71
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 71
Foundation Topics 74
OSI Layer 1 for Point-to-Point WANs 74
WAN Connections from the Customer Viewpoint 77
WAN Cabling Standards 78
Clock Rates, Synchronization, DCE, and DTE 80
Building a WAN Link in a Lab 81
Link Speeds Offered by Telcos 82
OSI Layer 2 for Point-to-Point WANs 83
HDLC 83
Point-to-Point Protocol 85
Point-to-Point WAN Summary 85
Frame Relay and Packet-Switching Services 86
The Scaling Benefits of Packet Switching 86
Frame Relay Basics 87
Exam Preparation Tasks 91
Review All the Key Topics 91
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 91
Definitions of Key Terms 91
Chapter 5 Fundamentals of IP Addressing and Routing 93
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 93
Foundation Topics 98
Overview of Network Layer Functions 98
Routing (Forwarding) 99
PC1’s Logic: Sending Data to a Nearby Router 100
R1 and R2’s Logic: Routing Data Across the Network 100
R3’s Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination 100
Network Layer Interaction with the Data Link Layer 101
IP Packets and the IP Header 102
Network Layer (Layer 3) Addressing 103
Routing Protocols 104
IP Addressing 105
IP Addressing Definitions 105
How IP Addresses Are Grouped 106
Classes of Networks 107
The Actual Class A, B, and C Network Numbers 109
IP Subnetting 110
IP Routing 114
Host Routing 114
Router Forwarding Decisions and the IP Routing Table 115
IP Routing Protocols 118
Network Layer Utilities 121
Address Resolution Protocol and the Domain Name System 121
DNS Name Resolution 122
The ARP Process 122
Address Assignment and DHCP 123
ICMP Echo and the ping Command 125
Exam Preparation Tasks 126
Review All the Key Topics 126
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 127
Definitions of Key Terms 127
Chapter 6 Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport, Applications, and Security 129
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 129
Foundation Topics 133
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP 133
Transmission Control Protocol 134
Multiplexing Using TCP Port Numbers 135
Popular TCP/IP Applications 138
Error Recovery (Reliability) 140
Flow Control Using Windowing 141
Connection Establishment and Termination 142
Data Segmentation and Ordered Data Transfer 144
User Datagram Protocol 145
TCP/IP Applications 146
QoS Needs and the Impact of TCP/IP Applications 146
The World Wide Web, HTTP, and SSL 149
Universal Resource Locators 150
Finding the Web Server Using DNS 150
Transferring Files with HTTP 152
Network Security 153
Perspectives on the Sources and Types of Threats 154
Firewalls and the Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) 158
Anti-x 160
Intrusion Detection and Prevention 160
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 161
Exam Preparation Tasks 163
Review All the Key Topics 163
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 163
Definitions of Key Terms 163
Part II LAN Switching 165
Chapter 7 Ethernet LAN Switching Concepts 167
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 167
Foundation Topics 171
LAN Switching Concepts 171
Historical Progression: Hubs, Bridges, and Switches 171
Switching Logic 174
The Forward Versus Filter Decision 175
How Switches Learn MAC Addresses 177
Flooding Frames 178
Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol 179
Internal Processing on Cisco Switches 180
LAN Switching Summary 182
LAN Design Considerations 183
Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains 183
Collision Domains 183
Broadcast Domains 184
The Impact of Collision and Broadcast Domains on LAN Design 185
Virtual LANs (VLAN) 187
Campus LAN Design Terminology 188
Ethernet LAN Media and Cable Lengths 191
Exam Preparation Tasks 194
Review All the Key Topics 194
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 194
Definitions of Key Terms 195
Chapter 8 Operating Cisco LAN Switches 197
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 197
Foundation Topics 200
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch CLI 200
Cisco Catalyst Switches and the 2960 Switch 201
Switch Status from LEDs 202
Accessing the Cisco IOS CLI 205
CLI Access from the Console 206
Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH 208
Password Security for CLI Access 208
User and Enable (Privileged) Modes 210
CLI Help Features 211
The debug and show Commands 213
Configuring Cisco IOS Software 214
Configuration Submodes and Contexts 215
Storing Switch Configuration Files 217
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 220
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 221
Exam Preparation Tasks 226
Review All the Key Topics 226
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 226
Definitions of Key Terms 226
Command References 226
Chapter 9 Ethernet Switch Configuration 231
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 231
Foundation Topics 235
Configuration of Features in Common with Routers 235
Securing the Switch CLI 235
Configuring Simple Password Security 236
Configuring Usernames and Secure Shell (SSH) 239
Password Encryption 242
The Two Enable Mode Passwords 244
Console and vty Settings 245
Banners 245
History Buffer Commands 246
The logging synchronous and exec-timeout Commands 247
LAN Switch Configuration and Operation 248
Configuring the Switch IP Address 248
Configuring Switch Interfaces 251
Port Security 253
VLAN Configuration 256
Securing Unused Switch Interfaces 259
Exam Preparation Tasks 261
Review All the Key Topics 261
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 261
Definitions of Key Terms 262
Command References 262
Chapter 10 Ethernet Switch Troubleshooting 267
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 267
Foundation Topics 271
Perspectives on Network Verification and Troubleshooting 271
Attacking Sim Questions 271
Simlet Questions 272
Multiple-Choice Questions 273
Approaching Questions with an Organized Troubleshooting Process 273
Isolating Problems at Layer 3, and Then at Layers 1 and 2 275
Troubleshooting as Covered in This Book 276
Verifying the Network Topology with Cisco Discovery Protocol 277
Analyzing Layer 1 and 2 Interface Status 282
Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 282
Interface Speed and Duplex Issues 284
Common Layer 1 Problems on Working Interfaces 287
Analyzing the Layer 2 Forwarding Path with the MAC Address Table 289
Analyzing the Forwarding Path 292
Port Security and Filtering 293
Exam Preparation Tasks 295
Review All the Key Topics 295
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 295
Definitions of Key Terms 295
Command References 295
Chapter 11 Wireless LANs 299
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 299
Foundation Topics 302
Wireless LAN Concepts 302
Comparisons with Ethernet LANs 302
Wireless LAN Standards 304
Modes of 802.11 Wireless LANs 305
Wireless Transmissions (Layer 1) 307
Wireless Encoding and Nonoverlapping DSSS Channels 309
Wireless Interference 311
Coverage Area, Speed, and Capacity 311
Media Access (Layer 2) 314
Deploying WLANs 315
Wireless LAN Implementation Checklist 315
Step 1: Verify the Existing Wired Network 316
Step 2: Install and Configure the AP’s Wired and IP Details 317
Step 3: Configure the AP’s WLAN Details 317
Step 4: Install and Configure One Wireless Client 318
Step 5: Verify That the WLAN Works from the Client 319
Wireless LAN Security 320
WLAN Security Issues 320
The Progression of WLAN Security Standards 322
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 322
SSID Cloaking and MAC Filtering 323
The Cisco Interim Solution Between WEP and 802.11i 324
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) 325
IEEE 802.11i and WPA-2 325
Exam Preparation Tasks 327
Review All the Key Topics 327
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 327
Definitions of Key Terms 327
Part III IP Routing 329
Chapter 12 IP Addressing and Subnetting 331
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 331
Foundation Topics 336
Exam Preparation Tools for Subnetting 336
Suggested Subnetting Preparation Plan 337
More Practice Using a Subnet Calculator 338
IP Addressing and Routing 339
IP Addressing Review 339
Public and Private Addressing 341
IP Version 6 Addressing 342
IP Subnetting Review 343
IP Routing Review 345
Math Operations Used When Subnetting 347
Converting IP Addresses and Masks from Decimal to Binary and Back Again 347
Performing a Boolean AND Operation 349
Prefix Notation/CIDR Notation 351
Binary Process to Convert Between Dotted Decimal and Prefix Notation 352
Decimal Process to Convert Between Dotted Decimal and Prefix
Notation 353
Practice Suggestions 355
Analyzing and Choosing Subnet Masks 355
Analyzing the Subnet Mask in an Existing Subnet Design 356
The Three Parts: Network, Subnet, and Host 356
Binary Process: Finding the Number of Network, Subnet, and Host Bits 357
Decimal Process: Finding the Number of Network, Subnet, and Host Bits 358
Determining the Number of Subnets and Number of Hosts Per Subnet 359
Number of Subnets: Subtract 2, or Not? 360
Practice Examples for Analyzing Subnet Masks 361
Choosing a Subnet Mask that Meets Design Requirements 362
Finding the Only Possible Mask 363
Finding Multiple Possible Masks 365
Choosing the Mask that Maximizes the Number of Subnets or Hosts 366
Practice Suggestions 367
Analyzing Existing Subnets 368
Finding the Subnet Number: Binary 368
Finding the Subnet Number: Binary Shortcut 371
Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Binary 372
Finding the Range of Valid IP Addresses in a Subnet 375
Finding the Subnet, Broadcast Address, and Range of Addresses: Decimal
Process 377
Decimal Process with Easy Masks 377
Decimal Process with Difficult Masks 378
Finding the Broadcast Address: Decimal 381
Summary of Decimal Processes to Find the Subnet, Broadcast, and Range 382
Practice Suggestions 383
Design: Choosing the Subnets of a Classful Network 384
Finding All Subnets with Fewer Than 8 Subnet Bits 384
Finding All Subnets with Exactly 8 Subnet Bits 388
Practice Suggestions 389
Finding All Subnets with More Than 8 Subnet Bits 389
More Practice Suggestions 393
Exam Preparation Tasks 394
Review All the Key Topics 394
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 396
Definitions of Key Terms 396
Read Appendix F Scenario 1, Part A 396
Subnetting Questions and Processes 396
Chapter 13 Operating Cisco Routers 399
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 399
Foundation Topics 403
Installing Cisco Routers 403
Installing Enterprise Routers 403
Cisco Integrated Services Routers 405
Physical Installation 406
Installing Internet Access Routers 407
A SOHO Installation with a Separate Switch, Router, and
Cable Modem 407
A SOHO Installation with an Integrated Switch, Router, and
DSL Modem 408
Regarding the SOHO Devices Used in This Book 409
Cisco Router IOS CLI 409
Comparisons Between the Switch CLI and Router CLI 410
Router Interfaces 411
Interface Status Codes 413
Router Interface IP Addresses 414
Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces 415
Router Auxiliary (Aux) Port 417
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 417
Upgrading Cisco IOS Software and the Cisco IOS Software Boot Process 420
Upgrading a Cisco IOS Software Image into Flash Memory 420
The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence 423
The Three Router Operating Systems 425
The Configuration Register 425
How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load 426
The show version Command and Seeing the Configuration Register’s
Value 429
Exam Preparation Tasks 431
Review All the Key Topics 431
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 431
Definitions of Key Terms 432
Read Appendix F Scenario 2 432
Command References 432
Chapter 14 Routing Protocol Concepts and Configuration 435
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 435
Foundation Topics 439
Connected and Static Routes 439
Connected Routes 439
Static Routes 442
Extended ping Command 444
Default Routes 446
Routing Protocol Overview 448
RIP-2 Basic Concepts 449
Comparing and Contrasting IP Routing Protocols 450
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols 451
Routing Protocol Types/Algorithms 452
Metrics 452
Autosummarization and Manual Summarization 454
Classless and Classful Routing Protocols 454
Convergence 455
Miscellaneous Comparison Points 455
Summary of Interior Routing Protocols 455
Configuring and Verifying RIP-2 456
RIP-2 Configuration 456
Sample RIP Configuration 457
RIP-2 Verification 458
Interpreting the Output of the show ip route Command 460
Administrative Distance 461
The show ip protocols Command 462
Examining RIP Messages with debug 464
Exam Preparation Tasks 467
Review All the Key Topics 467
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 467
Definitions of Key Terms 468
Command References 468
Chapter 15 Troubleshooting IP Routing 471
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 471
Foundation Topics 475
IP Troubleshooting Tips and Tools 475
IP Addressing 475
Avoiding Reserved IP Addresses 475
One Subnet, One Mask, for Each LAN 476
Summary of IP Addressing Tips 478
Host Networking Commands 478
Troubleshooting Host Routing Problems 482
Finding the Matching Route on a Router 483
Troubleshooting Commands 485
The show ip arp Command 485
The traceroute Command 486
Telnet and Suspend 487
A Routing Troubleshooting Scenario 491
Scenario Part A: Tasks and Questions 491
Scenario Part A: Answers 494
Scenario Part B: Analyze Packet/Frame Flow 495
Scenario Part B: Answers 496
Scenario Part B: Question 1 497
Scenario Part B: Question 2 498
Scenario Part B: Question 3 499
Scenario Part B: Question 4 501
Scenario Part B: Question 5 501
Scenario Part B: Question 6 502
Scenario Part B: Question 7 503
Scenario Part C: Analyze Connected Routes 503
Scenario Part C: Answers 503
Exam Preparation Tasks 505
Review All the Key Topics 505
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 506
Command Reference 506
Part IV Wide-Area Networks 509
Chapter 16 WAN Concepts 511
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 511
Foundation Topics 514
WAN Technologies 514
Perspectives on the PSTN 514
Analog Modems 517
Digital Subscriber Line 519
DSL Types, Speeds, and Distances 521
DSL Summary 522
Cable Internet 523
Comparison of Remote-Access Technologies 525
ATM 525
Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching 527
Ethernet as a WAN Service 527
IP Services for Internet Access 528
Address Assignment on the Internet Access Router 529
Routing for the Internet Access Router 530
NAT and PAT 531
Exam Preparation Tasks 536
Review All the Key Topics 536
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 536
Definitions of Key Terms 537
Chapter 17 WAN Configuration 539
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 539
Foundation Topics 542
Configuring Point-to-Point WANs 542
Configuring HDLC 542
Configuring PPP 545
Configuring and Troubleshooting Internet Access Routers 546
Internet Access Router: Configuration Steps 547
Step 1: Establish IP Connectivity 547
Step 2: Install and Access SDM 548
Step 3: Configure DHCP and PAT 549
Step 4: Plan for DHCP Services 554
Step 5: Configure the DHCP Server 556
Internet Access Router Verification 557
Exam Preparation Tasks 560
Review All the Key Topics 560
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 560
Definitions of Key Terms 560
Command References 560
Part V Final Preparation 563
Chapter 18 Final Preparation 565
Tools for Final Preparation 565
Exam Engine and Questions on the CD 565
Install the Software from the CD 566
Activate and Download the Practice Exam 566
Activating Other Exams 567
The Cisco CCNA Prep Center 567
Subnetting Videos, Reference Pages, and Practice Problems 568
Scenarios 568
Study Plan 569
Recall the Facts 569
Practice Subnetting 570
Build Troubleshooting Skills Using Scenarios 571
Use the Exam Engine 571
Choosing Study or Simulation Mode 572
Choosing the Right Exam Option 572
Summary 573
Part VI Appendixes 575
Appendix A Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes 577
Chapter 2 577
Chapter 3 578
Chapter 4 578
Chapter 5 579
Chapter 6 579
Chapter 7 580
Chapter 8 581
Chapter 9 581
Chapter 10 582
Chapter 11 583
Chapter 12 584
Chapter 13 585
Chapter 14 586
Chapter 15 587
Chapter 16 588
Chapter 17 589
Appendix B Decimal to Binary Conversion Table 591
Appendix C ICND1 Exam Updates: Version 1.0 595
Glossary 599
Index 624
